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From Catania, the train passes Adrano (site of a Saracen bridge), Bronte (pistachio farms), Randazzo (Lake Gurrida and lava flows) and Linguaglossa (murals). Stop at Nicolosi and Zafferana for walks to the crater or the lava flows.

Etna is home to a variety of trees, from oak and chestnut in low areas, to pine and birch on higher slopes. Wildflowers including violets flourish in the lavic soil.

Development has all but eliminated Etna’s wolves, wild boar and deer, but small species still thrive, such as weasels and wildcats.

Small volcanic cones and cultivated crops, notably pistachio, cover the western slopes. Recent lava flows can be seen on the south slopes.

On these slopes can be found the Betula aetnensis birch, unique to the woods of Mount Etna, and the Castagno dei Cento Cavalli (Chestnut of 100 Horses), one of the oldest and largest trees in the world. Lava flows have formed caves and grottoes, used as shelter and ice stores.

The summit height is constantly in flux due to mounting volcanic debris ejected during explosions and frequent landslides. The Central Crater, the Northeast Crater and the Southeast Crater emit a constant stream of sulphuric gas .

Jeep tours start at the Rifugio Sapienza Etna Sud near the Monti Silvestri, and just above the Monte Vetore. They follow the cable car line, destroyed in the 2001 eruption, as far as seismic activity allows. Guides are provided.

Molten lava is more than 500° C (930° F). In places, the constant flow, 2 m (6.5 ft) underfoot, causes the snow to melt.

This crater was created by partial collapse of the volcano wall. It covers 7 km by 5 km (4.5 miles by 3 miles) and has walls more than 1,000 m (3,000 ft) high. In 1991 a vent opened, releasing lava into the valley for two years.

Hikes on lower slopes and towards the crater are possible , safety permitting. Tourist offices provide maps and guides.